tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20469244856745049952024-03-05T15:17:21.111-08:00Grasscutter productionosseyworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04393463689402874979noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2046924485674504995.post-64179663501178537092009-10-17T07:13:00.002-07:002009-10-17T07:30:27.877-07:00Livestock Production<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-TH9zhkL7kdQxOvzjsafH1Kk1HHRdDkKY8pdgnS5jD_mIrdoxe6raZTAiMRJbkrpy1qwKih8cP-yWHzk-BT54K3iIzMegj0c4ws7rrn1awE6e93Xr7VcP9FR8XC5eiGXk1H1bx15lVY/s1600-h/images+liv2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 116px; height: 116px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-TH9zhkL7kdQxOvzjsafH1Kk1HHRdDkKY8pdgnS5jD_mIrdoxe6raZTAiMRJbkrpy1qwKih8cP-yWHzk-BT54K3iIzMegj0c4ws7rrn1awE6e93Xr7VcP9FR8XC5eiGXk1H1bx15lVY/s320/images+liv2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5393575010424169250" border="0" /></a><br /> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Grasscutter production</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Garsscutter thryonomis swinderianus belong to the family of rodent it is also known as cane rate or cutting grass. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >System of domestication<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In Songhai Delta the method of domestication is intensive system. The animal is sheltered and confined to a cage it is solely dependent on the farmer for livelihood. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Breed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >There exist two breed of grasscutter the black race thryonmis swinderianus and brown race thryonomis agregoraianus. The black race though smaller in size than it is prolific in terms of production, it weight between 4-6kg at maturity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The brown race is usually bigger its fur is coarse and light brownish in colour and less prolific<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Identification of sex<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Head shape</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >: The head of the female grasscutter is elongated while the head shape is oval.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Ano-genital distance</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >- this is a term used to describe the distance between the anus and sex organ. In male there is a gap between the sex organ and the anus.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Female organ there is little or no gap between the anus and organ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Grasscuter handling<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Unlike other animals grass cutter is not handled anyhow there is a special way of handling or lifting it up for such reasons as checking the gestation, weight, or during transfer from one den to another, this is called manipulation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The first is by the tail, it’s to be noted that not just anywhere by the tail but a little above where the tail join the hip about 2cm from the hip area. It is not to be too close to the hip or too far from it any where too far or too near can result to cutting of the tail.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The second is by the hind legs.<span style=""> </span>Still holding the animal by the tail and letting its feet rest on the floor and catch her by the hip from the back.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Sanitation management <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The grasscutter pen was swept everyday water was be put there each day and strong disinfectant placed in the foot deep in front of the entrance into the house.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The dens are cleaned early in the morning from 8:ooam this is to enable one finish on time so that the animal could be fed<span style=""> </span>at the appropriate time.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Feeding<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Grasscutter feed falls into two categories. The basal or primary feed and the concentrate or secondary feed<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The primary feed refers to the natural feed and they includeguinea grass(panucum maximum) elepgant grass which is the most important and grown in </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > (pennisetum purpureum).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Artificial feeds are used as a supplement to the natural feed given to the animal to correct or make up for the nutritional requirements of their system.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The recommended artificial feed ration is 50-60g/day /animal and the average daily weight gain is between 9-10g<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Pig production<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > the system of pig production is the intensive system. Here attention is focused on the animal as a result of this more effort is made to provide the animal with adequate housing and feeding and provision of health care.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Pig house construction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > the pens are double pen with adjoining entrance. The first part is under the roof of the building while the other part falls outside the roof. The floor of the pen is coarsely cemented and wallow these are constructed with concrete inside the pen the feeders and drinkers are six inches deep, their size are determined by class or age of pig to be kept<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Sanitation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > the pens are washed/cleaned twice a day.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In the morning the droppings of the pig is packed and taking to the maggotory, the left over feed is removed from the feeding trough and the water bailed out of the drinking trough, the pen is washed thoroughly with water and also wash the pigs, this practices helped reduce the dirtiness of the pens and the pigs. The building is usually disinfected with morigard.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Feeding the pigs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The pig is an omnivorous animal it is therefore easy to feed with cereal grains vegetable fish left over foods etc in addition to formulated feeds<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The weaners feed<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >This feed which is rich in protein and energy its protein content is 10-20% while the energy content is 3000-3200kilocal/kg. This feed is given to weaner at weaning, when they are 5-10kg in weight up to when they attain 35kg body weight.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>The growers feed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The energy content is 2800kcalk/k g it contains crude protein of 16-18%. This feed is given to the pig s above 35kg of weight.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Growers feed <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >This is a feed given to both female and male reproducers, it is composed of regular protein and energy designed for reproductive efficiency. </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > delta has a special practice of mixing water with the feed that is given to the pigs, it is to make easy digestibility of the food and reduces the dustiness of the feed as well as increase density of the feed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Water requirement in pigs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Basically there are two sources of water available to the pigs;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;" ><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Water mixed in their feed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;" ><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Water served in their water troughs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Pig require 2-3 liters of water per every kilogramme of feed eaten, 7-20 liters of water per every 1000kg weight<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Management of different classes of pigs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Management of piglets <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Piglets are young pigs that depend on the sows milk as their principal source of feeding. Pigs that are from one day to six weeks or eight days old depending on duration of weaning period falls within this category.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Areas which was taken care of <o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Cleaning, disinfecting and cutting of their umbilical cord shortly after farrowing.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Cutting of their canine teeth 1-3 days after farrowing <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Injecting them with iron injection 3 days after parturition<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Giving them preventive medication aganst collibaclosis<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Castrating the male not needed for<span style=""> </span>futre reproduction at 3-4 weeks of life<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Management of weaners<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >These areas of care include <o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Administration of anti stress vitamin for the fisrt 3 days after weaning and starting them of with little quantity of feed <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Deworming them after 2 weeks of weaning and reapteing 2-3 months <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Giving medication to control and prevent external parasite like lice and mites 1-2 weeks after weaning<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Management of grower <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Those in this class include those that weigh 20-90kg of weight. The principal need of this class of pig is maintenance on good feeding plan, and the best yardstick to measure their performance is their growth rate. As a result, good food in quality and quantity was be given to them to ensure favorable growth rate.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >When they attain 30kg body weight male should be separated from the female.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Management of sow<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >When<span style=""> </span>newly weaned off its piglets it taken to the sows quarter where good food is given to it so it can be conditioned for the next heat period and to increase the number of ova that will be shed <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Sow is usually mated when they start showing standing heat and this is usually the day after the commencement of heat the estrous cycle in pig is between 18-19 days an average of 21 days while the heat period last for 21 days<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Sows sings of heat<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Swelling and redness of the vulva<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Riding other sows in the group<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Increase in body temperature <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Loss of<span style=""> </span>apetetite<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Showing a standing reflex when a hand is placed on its back<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Undue excitement or agitation with incessant grunting noise.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >After mating and the greater part of the gestation period the sow is fed strictly to prevent it from getting too fat <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The entire gestation period is 115days on the average, the energy content of its feed is beefed up to encourage milk production<span style=""> </span>and also fortify the soe aganst the strees of farrowing<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Signs of farrowing<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Swelling of the vulva<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Swelling of the teats <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Restlessness and loss of appitte<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Farrowing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Slimy creamy liquid around the newborn piglet immediately it comes out to avoid suffocating<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The piglet is removed from the mother one by one until the last one is given birth to and the piglet returned to their mother for the first milk<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The osw is fed with vegetable cassava peals and injected with fercosang. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Disease<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >There was no incidence of disese out break due to sanitatioin <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >FEED MILL/FEED FOMULATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Feed mill is a unit where feed are being prepared to meet with the nutritional requirement of the animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >When going into feed formulation several factors are considered<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Age of animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Origin of animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Nutritional requirement of<span style=""> </span>the animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Availability of raw materials<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >AGE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In formulation of feed one has to consider the age of the animal thus determining the type of feed to be formulated.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Chick grower’s layer<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Broiler stater broler finsher broiler breeder<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Usually for chick and broiler starter feeds are usually in powderd form for easy swallowing by the young of any animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Finishers, breeder and layers are coarse feed<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Nutritional requirement <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >All animals at different age or steges have their different/individual nutrient requirement like the protein fats caciumcarbohydrate etc <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Raw materials basically different ingridents make up feed which are listed below <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Maize- carbohydrate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Soyabean cake- protein<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Grandnut cake ,,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Fish meal <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Palmkanerl cake- firbe<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Wheat offal-fibre<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Bone meal- mineral<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Salt-mineral<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Basically there are two methods of formulating feed <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >1 ruler of thumb<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >2person formular<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > the ruler of thumb is used in feed formulation<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Ruler of thumb formular<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Inc * DM * VNR / 10000<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Where Inc – ingredient incorporated<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>DM- dry matter<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>VNR- volume of nutrional requirement based on protein<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >SOIL MANAGEMENT/IMPROVEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Soil ancors plants by their root and from it derive their supply of mineral, salt, water and some cases air. Plant depend only the top soil which contain humus which is usually darker in coulor.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The soil is said to be fertile when it has in it the nutrient in the right quantites for optimum growth of a specific plant. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Practices which increase or maintain soil fertility<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In songhaai the follinng are done to increase soil fertility<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >1 compost this is a form of manure obtaianed<span style=""> </span>as plant and animals decay this while process may be completed between six to eight weeks<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >2 green manure this is made from green plant often cover crops mulch or weed which may be dug directly in to the soil on decaying thses plant form humus which enrichies the soil. This manure increases the loam component of the soil<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >3farm yard manure this consist of faces and urine of farm animal together with plant parts which are left over from the food of these animals <o:p></o:p></span></p>osseyworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04393463689402874979noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2046924485674504995.post-71469501409718931122009-10-17T07:13:00.001-07:002009-10-17T07:29:00.991-07:00Livestock Production<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-TH9zhkL7kdQxOvzjsafH1Kk1HHRdDkKY8pdgnS5jD_mIrdoxe6raZTAiMRJbkrpy1qwKih8cP-yWHzk-BT54K3iIzMegj0c4ws7rrn1awE6e93Xr7VcP9FR8XC5eiGXk1H1bx15lVY/s1600-h/images+liv2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 116px; height: 116px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-TH9zhkL7kdQxOvzjsafH1Kk1HHRdDkKY8pdgnS5jD_mIrdoxe6raZTAiMRJbkrpy1qwKih8cP-yWHzk-BT54K3iIzMegj0c4ws7rrn1awE6e93Xr7VcP9FR8XC5eiGXk1H1bx15lVY/s320/images+liv2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5393575010424169250" border="0" /></a><br /> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Grasscutter production</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Garsscutter thryonomis swinderianus belong to the family of rodent it is also known as cane rate or cutting grass. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >System of domestication<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In Songhai Delta the method of domestication is intensive system. The animal is sheltered and confined to a cage it is solely dependent on the farmer for livelihood. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Breed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >There exist two breed of grasscutter the black race thryonmis swinderianus and brown race thryonomis agregoraianus. The black race though smaller in size than it is prolific in terms of production, it weight between 4-6kg at maturity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The brown race is usually bigger its fur is coarse and light brownish in colour and less prolific<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Identification of sex<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Head shape</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >: The head of the female grasscutter is elongated while the head shape is oval.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Ano-genital distance</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >- this is a term used to describe the distance between the anus and sex organ. In male there is a gap between the sex organ and the anus.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Female organ there is little or no gap between the anus and organ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Grasscuter handling<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Unlike other animals grass cutter is not handled anyhow there is a special way of handling or lifting it up for such reasons as checking the gestation, weight, or during transfer from one den to another, this is called manipulation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The first is by the tail, it’s to be noted that not just anywhere by the tail but a little above where the tail join the hip about 2cm from the hip area. It is not to be too close to the hip or too far from it any where too far or too near can result to cutting of the tail.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The second is by the hind legs.<span style=""> </span>Still holding the animal by the tail and letting its feet rest on the floor and catch her by the hip from the back.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Sanitation management <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The grasscutter pen was swept everyday water was be put there each day and strong disinfectant placed in the foot deep in front of the entrance into the house.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The dens are cleaned early in the morning from 8:ooam this is to enable one finish on time so that the animal could be fed<span style=""> </span>at the appropriate time.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Feeding<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Grasscutter feed falls into two categories. The basal or primary feed and the concentrate or secondary feed<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The primary feed refers to the natural feed and they includeguinea grass(panucum maximum) elepgant grass which is the most important and grown in </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > (pennisetum purpureum).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Artificial feeds are used as a supplement to the natural feed given to the animal to correct or make up for the nutritional requirements of their system.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The recommended artificial feed ration is 50-60g/day /animal and the average daily weight gain is between 9-10g<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Pig production<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > the system of pig production is the intensive system. Here attention is focused on the animal as a result of this more effort is made to provide the animal with adequate housing and feeding and provision of health care.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Pig house construction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > the pens are double pen with adjoining entrance. The first part is under the roof of the building while the other part falls outside the roof. The floor of the pen is coarsely cemented and wallow these are constructed with concrete inside the pen the feeders and drinkers are six inches deep, their size are determined by class or age of pig to be kept<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Sanitation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > the pens are washed/cleaned twice a day.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In the morning the droppings of the pig is packed and taking to the maggotory, the left over feed is removed from the feeding trough and the water bailed out of the drinking trough, the pen is washed thoroughly with water and also wash the pigs, this practices helped reduce the dirtiness of the pens and the pigs. The building is usually disinfected with morigard.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Feeding the pigs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The pig is an omnivorous animal it is therefore easy to feed with cereal grains vegetable fish left over foods etc in addition to formulated feeds<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The weaners feed<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >This feed which is rich in protein and energy its protein content is 10-20% while the energy content is 3000-3200kilocal/kg. This feed is given to weaner at weaning, when they are 5-10kg in weight up to when they attain 35kg body weight.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>The growers feed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The energy content is 2800kcalk/k g it contains crude protein of 16-18%. This feed is given to the pig s above 35kg of weight.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Growers feed <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >This is a feed given to both female and male reproducers, it is composed of regular protein and energy designed for reproductive efficiency. </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > delta has a special practice of mixing water with the feed that is given to the pigs, it is to make easy digestibility of the food and reduces the dustiness of the feed as well as increase density of the feed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Water requirement in pigs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Basically there are two sources of water available to the pigs;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;" ><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Water mixed in their feed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;" ><span style="">·<span style=";font-family:";font-size:7;" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Water served in their water troughs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Pig require 2-3 liters of water per every kilogramme of feed eaten, 7-20 liters of water per every 1000kg weight<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>Management of different classes of pigs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Management of piglets <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Piglets are young pigs that depend on the sows milk as their principal source of feeding. Pigs that are from one day to six weeks or eight days old depending on duration of weaning period falls within this category.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Areas which was taken care of <o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Cleaning, disinfecting and cutting of their umbilical cord shortly after farrowing.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Cutting of their canine teeth 1-3 days after farrowing <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Injecting them with iron injection 3 days after parturition<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Giving them preventive medication aganst collibaclosis<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Castrating the male not needed for<span style=""> </span>futre reproduction at 3-4 weeks of life<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Management of weaners<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >These areas of care include <o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Administration of anti stress vitamin for the fisrt 3 days after weaning and starting them of with little quantity of feed <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Deworming them after 2 weeks of weaning and reapteing 2-3 months <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Giving medication to control and prevent external parasite like lice and mites 1-2 weeks after weaning<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Management of grower <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Those in this class include those that weigh 20-90kg of weight. The principal need of this class of pig is maintenance on good feeding plan, and the best yardstick to measure their performance is their growth rate. As a result, good food in quality and quantity was be given to them to ensure favorable growth rate.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >When they attain 30kg body weight male should be separated from the female.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Management of sow<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >When<span style=""> </span>newly weaned off its piglets it taken to the sows quarter where good food is given to it so it can be conditioned for the next heat period and to increase the number of ova that will be shed <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Sow is usually mated when they start showing standing heat and this is usually the day after the commencement of heat the estrous cycle in pig is between 18-19 days an average of 21 days while the heat period last for 21 days<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Sows sings of heat<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Swelling and redness of the vulva<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Riding other sows in the group<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Increase in body temperature <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Loss of<span style=""> </span>apetetite<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Showing a standing reflex when a hand is placed on its back<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Undue excitement or agitation with incessant grunting noise.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >After mating and the greater part of the gestation period the sow is fed strictly to prevent it from getting too fat <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The entire gestation period is 115days on the average, the energy content of its feed is beefed up to encourage milk production<span style=""> </span>and also fortify the soe aganst the strees of farrowing<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Signs of farrowing<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Swelling of the vulva<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Swelling of the teats <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Restlessness and loss of appitte<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Farrowing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Slimy creamy liquid around the newborn piglet immediately it comes out to avoid suffocating<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The piglet is removed from the mother one by one until the last one is given birth to and the piglet returned to their mother for the first milk<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The osw is fed with vegetable cassava peals and injected with fercosang. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Disease<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >There was no incidence of disese out break due to sanitatioin <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >FEED MILL/FEED FOMULATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Feed mill is a unit where feed are being prepared to meet with the nutritional requirement of the animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >When going into feed formulation several factors are considered<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Age of animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Origin of animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Nutritional requirement of<span style=""> </span>the animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Availability of raw materials<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >AGE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In formulation of feed one has to consider the age of the animal thus determining the type of feed to be formulated.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Chick grower’s layer<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Broiler stater broler finsher broiler breeder<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Usually for chick and broiler starter feeds are usually in powderd form for easy swallowing by the young of any animal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Finishers, breeder and layers are coarse feed<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Nutritional requirement <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >All animals at different age or steges have their different/individual nutrient requirement like the protein fats caciumcarbohydrate etc <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Raw materials basically different ingridents make up feed which are listed below <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Maize- carbohydrate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Soyabean cake- protein<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Grandnut cake ,,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Fish meal <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Palmkanerl cake- firbe<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Wheat offal-fibre<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Bone meal- mineral<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Salt-mineral<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Basically there are two methods of formulating feed <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >1 ruler of thumb<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >2person formular<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In </span><st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Songhai</span></st1:place><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" > the ruler of thumb is used in feed formulation<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Ruler of thumb formular<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Inc * DM * VNR / 10000<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Where Inc – ingredient incorporated<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>DM- dry matter<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><span style=""> </span>VNR- volume of nutrional requirement based on protein<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >SOIL MANAGEMENT/IMPROVEMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Soil ancors plants by their root and from it derive their supply of mineral, salt, water and some cases air. Plant depend only the top soil which contain humus which is usually darker in coulor.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >The soil is said to be fertile when it has in it the nutrient in the right quantites for optimum growth of a specific plant. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >Practices which increase or maintain soil fertility<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >In songhaai the follinng are done to increase soil fertility<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >1 compost this is a form of manure obtaianed<span style=""> </span>as plant and animals decay this while process may be completed between six to eight weeks<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >2 green manure this is made from green plant often cover crops mulch or weed which may be dug directly in to the soil on decaying thses plant form humus which enrichies the soil. This manure increases the loam component of the soil<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:12;" >3farm yard manure this consist of faces and urine of farm animal together with plant parts which are left over from the food of these animals <o:p></o:p></span></p>osseyworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04393463689402874979noreply@blogger.com0